Plant photosynthesis and biomass production are associated with the amount of intercepted light, especially the light distribution inside the canopy. Three virtual canopies (n = 80, 3.25 plants/m2) were constructed based on average leaf size of the digitized plant structures: ‘small leaf’ (98.1 cm2), ‘medium leaf’ (163.0 cm2) and ‘big leaf’ (241.6 cm2). The ratios of diffuse light were set in three gradients (27.8%, 48.7%, 89.6%). The simulations of light interception were conducted under different ratios of diffuse light, before and after the normalization of incident radiation. With 226.1% more diffuse light, the result of light interception could increase by 34.4%. However, the 56.8% of reduced radiation caused by the increased proportion of diffuse light inhibited the advantage of diffuse light in terms of a 26.8% reduction in light interception. The big-leaf canopy had more mutual shading effects, but its larger leaf area intercepted 56.2% more light than the small-leaf canopy under the same light conditions. The small-leaf canopy showed higher efficiency in light penetration and higher light interception per unit of leaf area. The study implied the 3D structural model, an effective tool for quantitative analysis of the interaction between light and plant canopy structure.
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By analysing intelligence-gathering reform legislation this article discusses access to justice for communications interception by the intelligence and security services. In the aftermath of the Snowden revelations, sophisticated oversight systems for bulk communications surveillance are being established across the globe. In the Netherlands prior judicial consent and a binding complaint procedure have been established. However, although checks and balances for targeted communications interference have been created, accountability mechanisms are less equipped to effectively remedy indiscriminate interference. Therefore, within the context of mass communications surveillance programs, access to justice for complainants remains a contentious issue.
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series Paper • The following article is Open access Exploring the relationship between light and subjective alertness using personal lighting conditions J. van Duijnhoven1, M.P.J. Aarts1, E.R. van den Heuvel2 and H.S.M. Kort3,4 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 2042, CISBAT 2021 Carbon-neutral cities - energy efficiency and renewables in the digital era 8-10 September 2021, EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland Citation J. van Duijnhoven et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2042 012119 Download Article PDF References Download PDF 29 Total downloads Turn on MathJax Share this article Share this content via email Share on Facebook (opens new window) Share on Twitter (opens new window) Share on Mendeley (opens new window) Hide article information Author e-mails j.v.duijnhoven1@tue.nl Author affiliations 1 Building Lighting Group, Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 2 Stochastics, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 3 Research Centre Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 4 Building Healthy Environments for Future Users Group, Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands DOI https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012119 Buy this article in print Journal RSS Sign up for new issue notifications Create citation alert Abstract The discovery of the ipRGCs was thought to fully explain the mechanism behind the relationship between light and effects beyond vision such as alertness. However, this relationship turned out to be more complicated. The current paper describes, by using personal lighting conditions in a field study, further exploration of the relationship between light and subjective alertness during daytime. Findings show that this relationship is highly dependent on the individual. Although nearly all dose-response curves between personal lighting conditions and subjective alertness determined in this study turned out to be not significant, the results may be of high importance in the exploration of the exact relationship.
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