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Guiding the Visually Impaired through the Environment with Beacons

Introduction: Visually impaired people experience trouble with navigation and orientation due to their weakened ability to rely on eyesight to monitor the environment [1][2]. Smartphones such as the iPhone are already popular devices among the visually impaired for navigating [3]. We explored if an iPhone application that responds to Bluetooth beacons to inform the user about their environment could aid the visually impaired in navigation in an urban environment.Method: We tested the implementation in an urban environment with visually impaired people using the route from the Amsterdam Bijlmer train station to the Royal Dutch Visio office. Bluetooth beacons were attached at two meters high to lampposts and traffic signs along a specified route to give the user instructions via a custom made iPhone app. Three different obstacle types were identified and implemented in the app: a crossover with traffic signs, a car parking entrance and objects blocking the pathway like stairs. Based on the work of Atkin et al.[5] and Havik et al. [6] at each obstacle the beacon will trigger the app to present important information about the surroundings like potential hazards nearby, how to navigate around or through obstacles and information about the next obstacle. The information is presented using pictures of the environment and instructions in text and voice based on Giudice et al. [4]. The application uses Apple’s accessibility features to communicate the instructions with VoiceOver screenreader. The app allows the user to preview the route, to prepare for upcoming obstacles and landmarks. Last, users can customize the app by specifying the amount of detail in images and information the app presents.To determine if the app is more useful for the participants than their current navigational method, participants walked the route both with and without the application. When walking with the app, participants were guided by the app. When walking without the app they used their own navigational method. During both walks a supervisor ensured the safety of the participant.During both walks, after each obstacle, participants were asked how safe they felt. We used a five point Likert scale where one stood for “feeling very safe” and five for “feeling very unsafe”.Qualitative feedback on the usability of the app was collected using the speak-a-lout method during walking and by interview afster walking.Results: Five visually impaired participated, one female and five males, age range from 30 to 78 and with varying levels of visual limitations. Three participants were familiar with the route and two walked the route for the first time.After each obstacle participants rated how safe they felt on a five point Likert scale. We normalized the results by deducting the scores of the walk without the app from the scores of the walk with the app. The average of all participants is shown in figure 2. When passing the traffic light halfway during the route we see that the participants feel safer with than without the app.Summarizing the qualitative feedback, we noticed that all participants indicated feeling supported by the app. They found the type of instructions ideal for walking and learning new routes. Of the five participants, three found the length of the instructions appropriate and two found them too long. They would like to split the detailed instructions in a short instruction and the option for more detailed instructions. They felt that a detailed instruction gave too much information in a hazardous environment like a crossover. Two participants found the information focused on orientation not necessary, while three participants liked knowing their surroundings.Conclusion and discussion: Regarding the safety questions we see that participants felt safer with the app, especially when crossing the road with traffic lights. We believe this big difference in comparison to the other obstacles is due to the crossover being considered more dangerous than the other obstacles. This is reflected by their feedback in requesting less direct information at these locations.All participants indicated feeling supported and at ease with our application, stating they would use the application when walking new routes.Because of the small sample size we consider our results an indication that the app can be of help and a good start for further research on guiding people through an urban environment using beacons.

Lessons learned from co-creating a personal wayfinding app with people with a visual impairment

Travelling independently in an urban environment is challenging for people with a visual impairment (PVI). Current Wayfinding-apps lack detailed environmental information and are often not fully accessible. With the aim to design a wayfinding solution that facilitates independent travel and incorporates PVI needs and wishes, we deployed a cocreation design approach with PVI and professionals as co-creators. Our combination of different co-creation techniques and iterative prototyping expands the related research on wayfinding solutions and allowed us to zoom-in on specific features. Our approach started with a userrequirements analysis through selfexperience sessions, observations and focus groups. This was followed by iterative prototyping with user evaluations in controlled indoor and outdoor environments. Over a period of two years we created an accessible wayfinding solution in co-creation with 31 PVI and 19 professionals. This resulted in an optimized accessible interface, a personalized route, personalized wayfinding instructions and detailed orientation and environmental information. Lessons learned for co- design with PVI included setting up an accessible workshop environment, applying diverse evaluation methods and involving reoccurring participants.

Contextinformatie verbetert identificatie

We laten steeds meer sporen na: door op internet te surfen, door onze mobiele telefoon te gebruiken, door RFID-labels bij ons te dragen of door ons binnen het blikveld van camera’s te bewegen. Door de contextuele informatie die dit genereert te gebruiken als aanvulling op de ‘klassieke’ methode van gezichtsherkenning kunnen we de identificatie van personen sterk verbeteren. Bob Hulsebosch en Wouter Teeuw van het Telematica-instituut leggen uit hoe. Identificatie is het herkennen van een specifiek persoon – van wie de identiteit bekend is – in de menigte. Gezichtsherkenning speelt hierbij een grote rol. Uit camerabeelden leiden we een aantal gelaatskenmerken af, die we vergelijken met profielen in een database. Een match is mede afhankelijk van de tolerantie die we instellen. Bij een strenge instelling, met weinig ruimte voor onnauwkeurigheid, is de kans klein dat iemand ten onrechte wordt herkend (een lage false acceptance rate, of FAR), maar wordt de kans groter dat iemand uit de database ten onrechte niet wordt herkend (hogere false rejection rate, of FRR).

Guiding the visually impaired through the environment using beacons

Urban environments are full of noise and obstacles, and therefore potentially dangerous and difficult to navigate for the visually impaired. Using Bluetooth beacons and a smartphone app we guide them through these environments by providing the information needed for that specific location. We present the preliminary results concerning the usability of our approach.

LBC-BUAS Onderoeksresultaten (Fieldlab Evenementen)

Veiligheid op de werkvloer

Arbeidsongevallen zijn vaak te wijten aan menselijk gedrag, hoe mensen met elkaar omgaan en hoe ze met risico’s en richtlijnen omgaan. Bewust bezig zijn met veiligheid is een noodzakelijke voorwaarde voor veiligheid op de werkvloer. Door middel van cursussen, trainingen en ‘risk assessment’ kan een beter begrip en draagvlak gecreëerd worden voor veiligheid op de werkvloer. Dit is vooral het terrein van de Arbowetgeving. Omgevingsbewustzijn is echter ook belangrijk voor veiligheid op de werkvloer. Een adequaat inzicht in de huidige situatie is belangrijk om de gevolgen van bepaalde handelingen te kunnen beoordelen en om nadelige en schadelijke gevolgen en daarmee ongelukken te voorkomen. De menselijke vaardigheden schieten echter vaak te kort in complexe situaties en onder tijdsdruk en werkdruk. Doel van dit onderzoek is om na te gaan hoe technologie – en vooral Ambient Intelligence – kan bijdragen aan het verbeteren van de menselijke vaardigheden als het gaat om het beoordelen van een situatie en de gevolgen van handelingen. In dit onderzoek is gekeken hoe omgevingsbewustzijn tot stand komt, welke factoren daarbij een rol spelen en hoe dit proces in positieve en negatieve zin kan worden beïnvloed. Verder is gekeken naar de stand van zaken en de (technologische) ontwikkelingen op andere terreinen waar omgevingsbewustzijn een belangrijke rol speelt, zoals hulpverlening, defensie en luchtverkeersleiding. Die bevindingen zijn vervolgens geprojecteerd in de context van veiligheid op de werkvloer. De conclusie is dat Ambient Intelligence omgevingsbewustzijn kan verbeteren op alle niveaus. Ambient Intelligence verhoogt de perceptie, verbetert het inzicht en stelt in staat om de gevolgen van handelingen beter te kunnen inschatten. Omdat veiligheid op de werkvloer een uitgebreid gebied is en omdat ongelukken zeer divers van aard zijn, van incidenteel tot structureel, is de aanbeveling om aan de hand van een aantal geselecteerde ‘use-cases’ in de volgende fase meer focus en verdieping aan te brengen.