In this study, aviation, energy, exergy, environmental, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses are performed on a CFM56-3 series high by-pass turbofan engine fueled with Jet-A1 fuel. Specific fuel consumption and specific thrust of the engine are found to be 0.01098 kg/kN.s and 0.3178 kN/kg/s, respectively. Engine's energy efficiency is calculated as 35.37%, while waste energy ratio is obtained as 64.63%. Exergy efficiency, waste exergy rate, and fuel exergy waste ratio are forecasted as 33.32%, 33175.03 kW, and 66.68%, respectively. Environmental effect factor and ecological effect factor are computed as 2.001 and 3.001, while ecological objective function and its index are taken into account of −16597.22 kW and −1.001, respectively. Exergetic sustainability index and sustainable efficiency factor are determined as 0.5 and 1.5 for the CFM56-3 engine, respectively. Environmental damage cost rate is determined as 519.753 $/h, while the environmental damage cost index is accounted as 0.0314 $/kWh. Specific exergy cost of the engine production is found as 40.898 $/GJ from exergoeconomic analysis, while specific product exergy cost is expressed as 49.607 $/GJ from exergoenvironmental analysis. From exergoenvironmental economic analysis, specific exergy cost of fuel is computed as 10.103 $/GJ when specific exergy cost of production is determined as 40.898 $/GJ.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the energetic, exergetic, sustainability, economic and environmental performances of a 4-cylinder turbodiesel aviation engine (TdAE) used on unmanned aerial vehicles for the take-off operation mode to assess the system with large aspects. Energy efficiency of the system is found as 43.158%, while exergy efficiency 40.655%. Thermoeconomic analysis gives information about the costs of the inlet and outlet energy and exergy flows of the engine. Hourly levelized total cost flow of the TdAE is found as 21.036 $/h, when the hourly fuel cost flow of the engine is found as 30.328 $/h. The waste exergy cost parameter is determined as 0.0144 MJ/h/$ from exergy cost-energy-mass (EXCEM) analysis, while it is estimated as 14.043 MJ/$ from modified-EXCEM analysis. Environmental damage cost analysis evaluates the cost formation of the exhaust emissions. The total environmental damage cost of the TdAE is computed as 12.895 $/h whilst specific environmental damage cost is determined as 0.054 $/MJ for 494.145 MJ/h TdAE power production. It is assessed that the main contributors to the environmental impact rate of the TdAE are the fuel consumption and the formation pollutants of combustion reaction.
The future energy system could benefit from the integration of the independent gas, heat and electricity infrastructures. In addition to an increase in exergy efficiency, such a Hybrid Energy Network (HEN) could support the increase of intermittent renewable energy sources by offering increased operational flexibility. Nowadays, the expectations on Natural Gas resources forecast an increase in the application of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), as a means of storage and transportation, which has a high exergy value due to the low temperature. Therefore, we analysed the integration of a decentralized LNG regasification with a CHP (Waste-to-Energy) plant, to determine whether the integration could offer additional operational flexibility for the future energy network with intermittent renewable energy sources, under optimized exergy efficient conditions. We compared the independent system with two systems integrated by means of 1) Organic Rankine Cycle and 2) Stirling Engine using the cold of the LNG, that we analysed using a simplified deterministic model based on the energy hub concept. We use the hourly measured electricity and heat demand patterns for 200 households with 35% of the households producing electricity from PV according to a typical measured solar insolation pattern in The Netherlands. We found that for both systems the decentralized LNG regasification integrated with the W2E plant affects the imbalance of the system for electricity and heat, due to the additional redundant paths to produced electricity. The integration of the systems offers additional operational flexibility depending on the means of integration and its availability to produce additional energy carriers. For our future work, we will extend the model, taking into account the variability and randomness in the different parameters, which may cause significant changes in the performance and reliability of the model.
