Small medium enterprises represent the largest share of revenues in the apparel and fashion business, compared to larger integrated companies. Small companies however often have to rely on larger suppliers in order to efficiently produce their products. These larger suppliers however will often prioritize companies that place larger orders. In the impossibility to deliver larger orders, how can these buyers make sure that a producer complies with their requests? In this paper we try to answer this question by applying concepts from the marketing channels literature to the specific context of fashion buying. We conclude that despite that the peculiarities of the fashion business do not foster the formation of long-term commitment, dependent companies can develop sources of power based on knowledge and reputation, but also based on applying non-mediated ways to manage the buyer-seller relationship. Examples of possible power sources for a buyer are: establishing a strong brand that a business partner will use in promoting its proposition, forcing suppliers to make transaction specific investments (which are not redeploy able), specializing in new products and technologies that a supplier will want to understand and use, developing knowledge that can be exchanged in the form of specialized personnel, investing in standardization of communication before the relationship starts in order to reduce administrative costs for both parties. Power sources are most effective when non-mediated, i.e. informal and based on reciprocity; ‘hard’ contracts with punishments (coercive power sources) in case of non-compliance will diminish the willingness to collaborate.
The research concerned semi-dyadic relations in SMEs and large companies that managed innovative suppliers in New Zealand construction supply chains. It explored effects of (independent) company variables on (mediating) procurement management variables, and also the effects of these variable types on (dependent) procurement performance variables when managing innovative suppliers.Exploratory interviews (N=5) revealed that innovation procurement seemed professional and logical within their contexts.Survey I (N=112) revealed that most case companies followed a product leadership strategy, and were equally entrepreneurial to innovative customers and innovative suppliers. They were innovative and gave innovative suppliers a dominant innovation role. They seemed to prefer radical innovations less than incremental innovations, but still somewhat more than New Zealand averages. Companies had slight preferences for new, small, or foreign suppliers for radical innovations. Innovations with supplier interactions were more beneficial to the company and the natural environment, than innovations without supplier interactions. Higher company innovation-benefits could equal higher environmental innovation-benefits. This profile differed from the profile of average companies in the construction supply chain.Survey I found weak correlations among output performance variables and process or proxy performance variables.Dependent (procurement and performance) variables were affected differently. Conversely, independent (company and procurement) variables had different effects.Different from extant literature, Survey I found limited statistically-significant effects of company variables on procurement management variables, and of these two variable types on performance. A minority (41%) of company variables affected procurement variables; only two company variables (13%) affected performance; a minority (40%) of procurement variables affected performance.Product leadership and NPD/innovation experience affected performance. Moreover, trust, lifestyle strategies and survival strategies affected procurement variables. Conversely, 27% of performance variables (satisfaction on marketing & sales; benefits for the natural environment) and 30% of procurement variables (entrepreneurial orientation with innovative suppliers, relation intensity with manufacturers, and small vs large suppliers for radical innovations) responded stronger on some company variables. Company size (<99 versus >250 staff) had little effects.Innovating, opportunity-seeking and trust towards innovative suppliers, and relation intensity with innovative service providers had highest effects on performance. Conversely, 46% of the performance variables (satisfaction with innovative suppliers, benefits for natural environment and company) responded stronger on innovating, opportunities-seeking and trust variables.Survey II (N=33) identified 12 procurement best-practices that respondents used for specific supplier or innovation types.Causality should be treated cautiously. Findings reflected the inconclusive results from extant literature. The research provided a nuanced and varied understanding on management of innovative suppliers, on the effects of entrepreneurial orientation to innovative suppliers, on the limited effects of company size, on the complex relations between various performance measures, and on entrepreneurship as a theoretical lens in innovation procurement. Companies had several options on how they managed their innovative suppliers. Additionally, the company characteristics and context of in this nascent research domain could be more important than commonly assumed from extant research.
MULTIFILE
Supply Chain Management (SCM) is een thema, waarover intussen al meer dan een decennium gediscussieerd wordt en waaraan een hoog rationaliseringspotentieel wordt toegeschreven. Het thema SCM geniet veel aandacht binnen de grote ondernemingen. Maar hoe staat het met de toepassing van Supply Chain Management binnen het MKB? Van algemene Supply Chains, de keten vanaf het aanleveren van grondstoffen tot aan de aflevering van het product bij de eindverbruiker, maken immers ook middelgrote en kleine bedrijven (MKB) deel uit. Maar het MKB beschikt vaak niet over de informatie en de capaciteiten om zich in voldoende mate met het thema bezig te houden. Natuurlijk zien we wel toepassingen van SCM-concepten binnen het MKB, maar dan zijn deze vaak opgelegd door grote spelers in de keten
In order to stay competitive and respond to the increasing demand for steady and predictable aircraft turnaround times, process optimization has been identified by Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO) SMEs in the aviation industry as their key element for innovation. Indeed, MRO SMEs have always been looking for options to organize their work as efficient as possible, which often resulted in applying lean business organization solutions. However, their aircraft maintenance processes stay characterized by unpredictable process times and material requirements. Lean business methodologies are unable to change this fact. This problem is often compensated by large buffers in terms of time, personnel and parts, leading to a relatively expensive and inefficient process. To tackle this problem of unpredictability, MRO SMEs want to explore the possibilities of data mining: the exploration and analysis of large quantities of their own historical maintenance data, with the meaning of discovering useful knowledge from seemingly unrelated data. Ideally, it will help predict failures in the maintenance process and thus better anticipate repair times and material requirements. With this, MRO SMEs face two challenges. First, the data they have available is often fragmented and non-transparent, while standardized data availability is a basic requirement for successful data analysis. Second, it is difficult to find meaningful patterns within these data sets because no operative system for data mining exists in the industry. This RAAK MKB project is initiated by the Aviation Academy of the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (Hogeschool van Amsterdan, hereinafter: HvA), in direct cooperation with the industry, to help MRO SMEs improve their maintenance process. Its main aim is to develop new knowledge of - and a method for - data mining. To do so, the current state of data presence within MRO SMEs is explored, mapped, categorized, cleaned and prepared. This will result in readable data sets that have predictive value for key elements of the maintenance process. Secondly, analysis principles are developed to interpret this data. These principles are translated into an easy-to-use data mining (IT)tool, helping MRO SMEs to predict their maintenance requirements in terms of costs and time, allowing them to adapt their maintenance process accordingly. In several case studies these products are tested and further improved. This is a resubmission of an earlier proposal dated October 2015 (3rd round) entitled ‘Data mining for MRO process optimization’ (number 2015-03-23M). We believe the merits of the proposal are substantial, and sufficient to be awarded a grant. The text of this submission is essentially unchanged from the previous proposal. Where text has been added – for clarification – this has been marked in yellow. Almost all of these new text parts are taken from our rebuttal (hoor en wederhoor), submitted in January 2016.
De maakindustrie wordt geconfronteerd met uitdagingen met betrekking tot duurzaamheid en de beschikbaarheid van grondstoffen. Om deze aan te pakken, richt de sector zich op circulaire productie- en consumptiesystemen. Digitale productpaspoorten (DPP's) worden gezien als cruciaal voor deze overgang, omdat ze gedetailleerde informatie verstrekken over materialen, productieprocessen en de levenscyclus van producten. Dit bevordert transparantie, traceerbaarheid en hergebruik, en zou moeten leiden tot kostenbesparingen en efficiënter gebruik van grondstoffen en energie. TechValley, een samenwerkingsverband van high tech machinebouwers en smart suppliers in Noord-Holland, erkent de noodzaak van deze transitie. Ze experimenteren, innoveren en leren gezamenlijk om een innovatief ecosysteem te creëren. Ondanks de erkenning van het belang van DPP's, ervaren bij TechValley betrokken mkb’ers twijfels en barrières ten aanzien van de implementatie van DPP’s, zoals kosten, investeringen en praktische uitvoerbaarheid. Tegelijkertijd is er een trend gaande van verregaande digitalisering in de industrie (Smart Industry genoemd) die kan DPP-implementatie mogelijk kan ondersteunen. Het onderzoek richt zich op het samen met mkb’ers identificeren van uitdagingen, kansen en innovatiestappen voor de effectieve digitaal-gedreven implementatie van DPP’s. Het doel is om een innovatieagenda op te stellen voor ondernemers en engineers bij mkb'ers in de high tech maakindustrie, alsmede voor onderzoekers en docenten circulair ontwerpen en ondernemen en smart industry. Onderzoeksmethoden omvatten interviews met overige partners betrokken bij dit onderzoek, literatuuronderzoek, de inzet van studenten voor ontwerpend onderzoek en workshops met de consortiumpartners. De aanpak is verdeeld in vier werkpakketten, namelijk (1) digitale technologieën, (2) circulaire businesskansen, (3) implementatie van DPP's, en tot slot (4) projectmanagement en disseminatie. De resultaten omvatten een innovatieagenda met verkenning van kansen en barrières, een technologieverkenning, advies over circulaire businesskansen en randvoorwaarden voor DPP-implementatie van DPP's en generieke aanbevelingen voor vervolgstappen voor praktijk, onderwijs en onderzoek. De overige betrokken partners zijn voornemens het onderzoek na afloop verder te communiceren.
