We investigate hydrology during a past climate slightly warmer than the present: the last interglacial (LIG). With daily output of preindustrial and LIG simulations from eight new climate models we force hydrological model PCR‐GLOBWB and in turn hydrodynamic model CaMa‐Flood. Compared to preindustrial, annual mean LIG runoff, discharge, and 100‐yr flood volume are considerably larger in the Northern Hemisphere, by 14%, 25%, and 82%, respectively. Anomalies are negative in the Southern Hemisphere. In some boreal regions, LIG runoff and discharge are lower despite higher precipitation, due to the higher temperatures and evaporation. LIG discharge is much higher for the Niger, Congo, Nile, Ganges, Irrawaddy, and Pearl and lower for the Mississippi, Saint Lawrence, Amazon, Paraná, Orange, Zambesi, Danube, and Ob. Discharge is seasonally postponed in tropical rivers affected by monsoon changes. Results agree with published proxies on the sign of discharge anomaly in 15 of 23 sites where comparison is possible.
Korte verhalen over biologische onderwerpen van studenten Toegepaste Biologie. De opdracht is breed: schrijf over een interessant en leuk biologisch onderwerp voor een breed publiek wat interesse heeft in biologie, maar zeker geen expert is. Een mix van pietepeuterige details over bodembacteriën, een reis in de tijd van de Nautilus, het redden van de aarde met algen, gedrogeerde vissen, menselijke mieren, het duiken in een dumpster en giechelende ratten. Dus wat weet jij van de oorsprong van dierennamen? Heb je wel eens nagedacht over de rol van geld in ons heden en verleden en over burgeroorlogen tussen mierensoorten? Weet jij waarom een paard benen heeft en waarom we geen kiwi-vogels in Nederland gaan krijgen? Hier kun je lezen hoe olifanten misschien wel socialer zijn dan wij, hoe ons brein reageert op stress en hoe sluipwespen politietaken op zich nemen. En dat dieren ook betalen voor seks en hoe wolven Yellowstone veranderden en misschien ook wel de Nederlandse natuur als er plaats voor ze is.
MULTIFILE
Communities worldwide are critically re-examining their seasonal cultures and calendars. As cultural frameworks, seasons have long patterned community life and provided repertoires for living by annual rhythms. In a chaotic world, the seasons - winter, the monsoon and so on - can feel like stable cultural landmarks for reckoning time and orienting our communities. Seasons are rooted in our pasts and reproduced in our present. They act as schemes for synchronising community activities and professional practices, and as symbol systems for interpreting what happens in the world. But on closer inspection, seasons can be unstable and unreliable. Their meanings can change over time. Seasonal cultures evolve with environments and communities’ worldviews, values, technologies and practices, affecting how people perceive seasonal patterns and behave accordingly. Calendars are contested, especially now. Communities today find themselves in a moment of accelerated and intersecting changes - from climate to social, political, and technological - that are destabilizing seasonal cultures. How they reorient themselves to shifting patterns may affect whether seasonal rhythms serve as resources, or lead people down maladaptive pathways. A focus on seasonal cultures builds on multi-disciplinary work. The social sciences, from anthropology to sociology, have long studied how seasons order people’s sense of time, social life, relationship to the environment, and politics. In the humanities, seasons play an important role in literature, art, archaeology and history. This book advances scholarship in these fields, and enriches it with extrascientific insights from practice, to open up exiting new directions in climate adaptation. Critically questions traditional, often-static notions of seasons; re-interpreting them as more flexible, cultural frameworks adapting to changes to our societies and environments.
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