Stormwater flooding and thermal stresses of citizens are two important phenomena for most of the dense urban area. Due to the climate change, these two phenomena will occur more frequently and cause serious problems. Therefore, the sectors for public health and disaster management should be able to assess the vulnerability to stormwater flooding and thermal stress. To achieve this goal, two cities in different climate regions and with different urban context have been selected as the pilot areas, i.eY., Tainan, Taiwan and Groningen, Netherlands. Stormwater flooding and thermal stress maps will be produced for both cities for further comparison. The flooding map indicates vulnerable low lying areas, where the thermal stress map indicates high Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) values (thermal comfort) in open areas without shading. The combined map indicates the problem areas of flooding and thermal stress and can be used by urban planners and other stakeholders to improve the living environment.
Cities are confronted with more frequent heatwaves of increasing intensity discouraging people from using urban open spaces that are part of their daily lives. Climate proofing cities is an incremental process that should begin where it is needed using the most cost-efficient solutions to mitigate heat stress. However, for this to be achieved the factors that influence the thermal comfort of users, such as the layout of local spaces, their function and the way people use them needs to be identified first. There is currently little evidence available on the effectiveness of heat stress interventions in different types of urban space.The Cool Towns Heat Stress Measurement Protocol provides basic guidance to enable a full Thermal Comfort Assessment (TCA) to be conducted at street-level. Those involved in implementing climate adaptation strategies in urban areas, such as in redevelopments will find practical support to identify places where heat stress may be an issue and suggestions for effective mitigation measures. For others, such as project developers, and spatial designers such as landscape architects and urban planners it provides practical instructions on how to evaluate and provide evidence-based justification for the selection of different cooling interventions for example trees, water features, and shade sails, for climate proofing urban areas.
MULTIFILE
This paper presents five design prototypes for cool urban water environments developed in the 'Really cooling water bodies in cities' (REALCOOL) project. The REALCOOL prototypes address an urgent need: urban water bodies, such as ponds or canals, are often assumed to cool down their surroundings during days with heat stress, whereas recent research shows that this is not always the case and that urban water bodies may actually have warming effects too. There are, however, indications that shading, vaporising water, and proper ventilation can keep water bodies and their surroundings cooler. Yet, it is necessary to explore how these strategies can be optimally combined and how the resulting design guidelines can be communicated to design professionals. The REALCOOL prototypes communicate the spatial layout and biometeorological effects of such combinations and assist design decisions dealing with urban water environments. The micrometeorological simulations with Envimet showed that the prototypes led to local reductions on daytime PET from 1 °C to 7 °C, upon introducing shade. Water mist and fountains were also cooling solutions. The important role of ventilation was confirmed. The paper discusses and concludes about the use of the prototypes as tools for urban design practice.
Worldwide, coral reefs are rapidly declining due to increased sea water temperatures and other environmental stresses (Figure 1). To counter the extinction of major coral reef building species on the island of Bonaire, the non-profit organization Reef Renewal Foundation Bonaire is restoring degraded reef sites using corals that are grown in local nurseries. In these nurseries, corals are propagated on artificial trees using fragmentation. After 6-8 months of growth in the nursery, the corals are transplanted to degraded reef sites around the island. Over the years more than 21.000 corals have been outplanted to reef restoration sites in this way. These corals show high survivorship under natural reef conditions but remain under threat by environmental disturbances, such as increased water temperatures, diseases, and competition with macroalgae. A promising intervention to increase reef persistence and resilience is to manipulate the coral-associated microbiome. At present, the composition of the microbiome in nursery-reared and outplanted corals on Bonaire is unknown. The aim of the current project is to identify and isolate naturally occurring beneficial bacteria that may stimulate the resilience of these corals. Our key objectives are: 1) to assess the presence of functionally beneficial bacteria in corals in nursery and restoration sites on Bonaire using metagenomic screening. 2) to design culture strategies to isolate these functionally beneficial bacteria. In the future, a selection of these beneficial bacteria can be applied to the corals to increase their resilience against environmental disturbances.
Due to the existing pressure for a more rational use of the water, many public managers and industries have to re-think/adapt their processes towards a more circular approach. Such pressure is even more critical in the Rio Doce region, Minas Gerais, due to the large environmental accident occurred in 2015. Cenibra (pulp mill) is an example of such industries due to the fact that it is situated in the river basin and that it has a water demanding process. The current proposal is meant as an academic and engineering study to propose possible solutions to decrease the total water consumption of the mill and, thus, decrease the total stress on the Rio Doce basin. The work will be divided in three working packages, namely: (i) evaluation (modelling) of the mill process and water balance (ii) application and operation of a pilot scale wastewater treatment plant (iii) analysis of the impacts caused by the improvement of the process. The second work package will also be conducted (in parallel) with a lab scale setup in The Netherlands to allow fast adjustments and broaden evaluation of the setup/process performance. The actions will focus on reducing the mill total water consumption in 20%.
Professionals van het Wetterskip, gemeenten, provincie en natuurorganisaties hebben de vraag gesteld hoe het watersysteem in Noordoost Fryslân duurzamer en toekomstbestendiger kan worden gemaakt. In dit RAAK Publiek project verricht hogeschool VHL samen met deze professionals en met kennispartners onderzoek naar dit vraagstuk. De ?houdbaarheidsdatum? van het traditionele waterbeheer lijkt bereikt. Traditioneel afwateren en ontwateren heeft geleid tot maaivelddaling in de veenweidegebieden, en daaraan gerelateerde CO2-uitstoot en uitspoeling van nutriënten in het grond- en oppervlaktewater. Gevolg is een verlies aan waterbergingscapaciteit en een achteruitgang van de waterkwaliteit. Bij zware regenval is het moeilijk om het water nog te bergen en af te voeren om wateroverlast te voorkomen. Bij droogte ontstaan veel sneller dan voorheen watertekorten. Ook staan daardoor veel unieke ecologische waarden in de veenweidegebieden onderzoek druk of zijn verdwenen. Klimaatveranderingen versterken deze problematiek. In het project wordt kennis ontwikkeld over een klimaatadaptief watersysteem in veengebieden en nieuwe vormen van waterbeheer, functies en functiecombinaties en de relatie met het meer toekomstbestendig maken van het watersysteem (flexibel waterpeil, berging in een natuurgebied, natte teelt, natuurvriendelijke oevers, etc.). Dit wordt gedaan door met elkaar en met andere actoren uit de regionale samenleving a) het watersysteem te onderzoeken en b) te experimenteren met innovatief waterbeheer in het gebied. De onderzoeksvraag is: In welke mate dragen nieuwe vormen van duurzaam, slim waterbeheer bij aan de toekomstbestendigheid van het watersysteem in Noordoost Fryslân? Het project levert voor de waterbeheerders, planologen, natuurbeheerders en andere betrokken professionals een digitaal handboek, bestaande uit een analyse van het watersysteem in het gebied, een klimaatstresstest, een gidsmodel voor het vasthouden en schoonhouden van water, beschreven innovatieve oplossingsrichtingen, een 3D animatie, een participatieve handreiking met ontwerprichtlijnen, beschreven ervaringen en enkele toekomstscenario?s voor het gebied. Dit alles wordt gekoppeld aan een veldwerkplaats en kennismanagementsysteem.
