Local governments in Western Europe increasingly use city time-access regulations to improve social sustainability. These regulations significantly influence the distribution process of retail chain organizations. This paper studies the impact of governmental time-window pressure on retailers' logistical concepts and the consequential financial and environmental distribution performance. We determine which dimensions in the retailer's logistical concept determine its cost and emission sensitivity to increasing time-window pressure. Our research is based on a multiple case study of fourteen Dutch retail cases in different sectors and with different store formulas. The retailers provided all organizational, flow and cost data of their secondary distribution (between distribution center and stores). We use these data to calculate the impacts of different time-window pressure scenarios, including the current situation, using vehicle routing software. It appears that cost and emissions increases are moderate, when few cities are affected. However, as more cities are affected, costs and emissions increase considerably, particularly if time-window lengths become shorter. Time-windows harmonized between cities lead to fewer negative effects. We find various dimensions that contribute to reducing a retailer's sensitivity to time-window pressure. We formulate conclusions hypothesizing the links between time-window pressure, its effects, and the dimensions that determine these effects. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Local governments in Western Europe increasingly use city time-access regulations to improve social sustainability. These regulations significantly influence the distribution process of retail chain organizations. This paper studies the impact of governmental time-window pressure on retailers' logistical concepts and the consequential financial and environmental distribution performance. We determine which dimensions in the retailer's logistical concept determine its cost and emission sensitivity to increasing time-window pressure. Our research is based on a multiple case study of fourteen Dutch retail cases in different sectors and with different store formulas. The retailers provided all organizational, flow and cost data of their secondary distribution (between distribution center and stores). We use these data to calculate the impacts of different time-window pressure scenarios, including the current situation, using vehicle routing software. It appears that cost and emissions increases are moderate, when few cities are affected. However, as more cities are affected, costs and emissions increase considerably, particularly if time-window lengths become shorter. Time-windows harmonized between cities lead to fewer negative effects. We find various dimensions that contribute to reducing a retailer's sensitivity to time-window pressure. We formulate conclusions hypothesizing the links between time-window pressure, its effects, and the dimensions that determine these effects. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Een transformatie naar een nieuw economisch paradigma gaat niet vanzelf: wij maken als mensen onderdeel uit van het gevestigde systeem en gedragen ons daar ook naar. Om een echte transformatie te kunnen maken naar een samenleving met nieuwe en andere waarden moeten we eerst te rade gaan bij onszelf. Waarom doe ik wat ik doe? Hoe verhoud ik mij tot anderen en de samenleving? Wat is het effect daarvan? Word ik daar gelukkig van? Kan het ook anders? We moeten leren om kritisch te kijken naar onszelf, de natuur, de maatschappij, de systemen die wij gecreëerd hebben, waaronder ook ons eigen onderwijssysteem. Rust en stilte Dit nadenken en bezinnen kan alleen vanuit rust en stilte. In het muziekstuk 4’33” van componist John Cage spelen de opgestelde muzikanten 4 minuten en 33 seconden lang geen noot. Met de verwijzing naar dit muziekstuk willen de schrijvers benadrukken dat het nemen van rust en stilte in een tijd van een steeds sneller draaiende economie met meer en meer burn-outs (van mensen, systemen en uiteindelijk ook de Aarde) geen vanzelfsprekendheid is. Het zoeken naar rust en stilte in een dolgedraaide wereld vergt om een actieve inspanning. Vanuit het bewustzijn dat vanuit het stilstaan ontstaat is het mogelijk ons ONT-wikkelen: het losmaken van ingesleten patronen, waarden en gewoonten die ons met de paplepel zijn ingegoten. Een mindshift is nodig is om te komen tot andere maatschappelijke waarden en systemen. Het slagen van de circulaire economie is daarvan in grote mate afhankelijk. Deze vergt andere waardesystemen, andere vormen van samenwerking en een andere consumentenvraag. Die komen er niet vanzelf, dat vergt tijd, inspanning en zelfreflectie op alle niveaus. Behoefte Het boek is geschreven door het ‘collectief circulaire economie’: een samenwerkingsverband tussen auteurs van binnen en buiten Fontys. Het doel van het boek is een nieuw licht te werpen op de benodigde transitie naar een circulaire economie. Het voorziet daarmee in een behoefte van onze studenten, die vragen om meer literatuur over circulaire economie. Daarnaast is het boek ook bedoeld voor docenten en professionals. In de diverse hoofdstukken laten de auteurs zien dat de transitie naar een circulaire economie meer is dan het sluiten van grondstofkringlopen. Zij betogen dat een circulair economisch model niet verenigbaar is met het huidige economische systeem gericht op onstuitbare groei en financiële winstmaximalisatie. De transitie naar een echt circulaire economie vergt een grotere transformatie van de maatschappij als geheel: van een competitieve naar een meer coöperatieve samenleving, van een individualistische naar een netwerksamenleving en van het loslaten van ingesleten consumptiepatronen zoals de wens tot steeds meer bezit. Dat er hierin al iets aan het veranderen is in de maatschappij is zichtbaar: een bijvoorbeeld is de razendsnelle en succesvolle opkomst van servicegerichte bedrijvigheid, zoals bijvoorbeeld Swapfiets, waarbij studenten voor een vast per maand altijd een werkende fiets ter beschikking hebben
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Lastmile.info contributes to livable urban environments and efficient deliveries. LastMile.info is set to become the essential platform for finding and monitoring all the necessary information so that you can optimally plan and execute the final stage of the route during store deliveries:> Clear overview of regulations (such as restrictions and time windows)> Shorter waiting times: reduced financial and environmental burden> Greater driver satisfaction thanks to insight into delivery locations
Examining in-class activities to facilitate academic achievement in higher educationThere is an increasing interest in how to create an effective and comfortable indoor environment for lecturers and students in higher education. To achieve evidence-based improvements in the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of higher education learning environments, this research aimed to gain new knowledge for creating optimal indoor environmental conditions that best facilitate in-class activities, i.e. teaching and learning, and foster academic achievement. The academic performance of lecturers and students is subdivided into short-term academic performance, for example, during a lecture and long-term academic performance, during an academic course or year, for example. First, a systematic literature review was conducted to reveal the effect of indoor environmental quality in classrooms in higher education on the quality of teaching, the quality of learning, and students’ academic achievement. With the information gathered on the applied methods during the literature review, a systematic approach was developed and validated to capture the effect of the IEQ on the main outcomes. This approach enables research that aims to examine the effect of all four IEQ parameters, indoor air quality, thermal conditions, lighting conditions, and acoustic conditions on students’ perceptions, responses, and short-term academic performance in the context of higher education classrooms. Next, a field experiment was conducted, applying the validated systematic approach, to explore the effect of multiple indoor environmental parameters on students and their short-term academic performance in higher education. Finally, a qualitative case study gathered lecturers’ and students’ perceptions related to the IEQ. Furthermore, how these users interact with the environment to maintain an acceptable IEQ was studied.During the systematic literature review, multiple scientific databases were searched to identify relevant scientific evidence. After the screening process, 21 publications were included. The collected evidence showed that IEQ can contribute positively to students’ academic achievement. However, it can also affect the performance of students negatively, even if the IEQ meets current standards for classrooms’ IEQ conditions. Not one optimal IEQ was identified after studying the evidence. Indoor environmental conditions in which students perform at their best differ and are task depended, indicating that classrooms should facilitate multiple indoor environmental conditions. Furthermore, the evidence provides practical information for improving the design of experimental studies, helps researchers in identifying relevant parameters, and lists methods to examine the influence of the IEQ on users.The measurement methods deduced from the included studies of the literature review, were used for the development of a systematic approach measuring classroom IEQ and students’ perceived IEQ, internal responses, and short-term academic performance. This approach allowed studying the effect of multiple IEQ parameters simultaneously and was tested in a pilot study during a regular academic course. The perceptions, internal responses, and short-term academic performance of participating students were measured. The results show associations between natural variations of the IEQ and students’ perceptions. These perceptions were associated with their physiological and cognitive responses. Furthermore, students’ perceived cognitive responses were associated with their short-term academic performance. These observed associations confirm the construct validity of the composed systematic approach. This systematic approach was then applied in a field experiment, to explore the effect of multiple indoor environmental parameters on students and their short-term academic performance in higher education. A field study, with a between-groups experimental design, was conducted during a regular academic course in 2020-2021 to analyze the effect of different acoustic, lighting, and indoor air quality (IAQ) conditions. First, the reverberation time was manipulated to 0.4 s in the intervention condition (control condition 0.6 s). Second, the horizontal illuminance level was raised from 500 to 750 lx in the intervention condition (control condition 500 lx). These conditions correspond with quality class A (intervention condition) and B (control condition), specified in Dutch IEQ guidelines for school buildings (2015). Third, the IAQ, which was ~1100 ppm carbon dioxide (CO2), as a proxy for IAQ, was improved to CO2 concentrations under 800 ppm, meeting quality class A in both conditions. Students’ perceptions were measured during seven campaigns with a questionnaire; their actual cognitive and short-term academic performances were evaluated with validated tests and an academic test, composed by the lecturer, as a subject-matter-expert on the taught topic, covered subjects discussed during the lecture. From 201 students 527 responses were collected and analyzed. A reduced RT in combination with raised HI improved students’ perceptions of the lighting environment, internal responses, and quality of learning. However, this experimental condition negatively influenced students’ ability to solve problems, while students' content-related test scores were not influenced. This shows that although quality class A conditions for RT and HI improved students’ perceptions, it did not influence their short-term academic performance. Furthermore, the benefits of reduced RT in combination with raised HI were not observed in improved IAQ conditions. Whether the sequential order of the experimental conditions is relevant in inducing these effects and/or whether improving two parameters is already beneficial, is unknownFinally, a qualitative case study explored lecturers’ and students’ perceptions of the IEQ of classrooms, which are suitable to give tutorials with a maximum capacity of about 30 students. Furthermore, how lecturers and students interact with this indoor environment to maintain an acceptable IEQ was examined. Eleven lecturers of the Hanze University of Applied Sciences (UAS), located in the northern part of the Netherlands, and twenty-four of its students participated in three focus group discussions. The findings show that lecturers and students experience poor thermal, lighting, acoustic, and IAQ conditions which may influence teaching and learning performance. Furthermore, maintaining acceptable thermal and IAQ conditions was difficult for lecturers as opening windows or doors caused noise disturbances. In uncomfortable conditions, lecturers may decide to pause earlier or shorten a lecture. When students experienced discomfort, it may affect their ability to concentrate, their emotional status, and their quality of learning. Acceptable air and thermal conditions in classrooms will mitigate the need to open windows and doors. This allows lecturers to keep doors and windows closed, combining better classroom conditions with neither noise disturbances nor related distractions. Designers and engineers should take these end users’ perceptions into account, often monitored by facility management (FM), during the renovation or construction of university buildings to achieve optimal IEQ conditions in higher education classrooms.The results of these four studies indicate that there is not a one-size fits all indoor environmental quality to facilitate optimal in-class activities. Classrooms’ thermal environment should be effectively controlled with the option of a local (manual) intervention. Classrooms’ lighting conditions should also be adjustable, both in light color and light intensity. This enables lecturers to adjust the indoor environment to facilitate in-class activities optimally. Lecturers must be informed by the building operator, for example, professionals of the Facility Department, how to change classrooms’ IEQ settings. And this may differ per classroom because each building, in which the classroom is located, is operated differently apart from the classroom location in the building, exposure to the environment, and its use. The knowledge that has come available from this study, shows that optimal indoor environmental conditions can positively influence lecturers’ and students’ comfort, health, emotional balance, and performance. These outcomes have the capacity to contribute to an improved school climate and thus academic achievement.
