Background: Our transition to an “information society” means that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become integral to our lives. ICT has also become an essential aspect of medical institutions and healthcare settings. Healthcare professionals, especially nurses are required to use ICT in their daily work. In Lebanon, however, due to political factors, many universities have not introduced technology or any form of ICT in their curricula. Institutions of higher education do use technology in various ways, however, successful incorporation of ICT in education requires acceptance by instructors who are expected to use ICT in teaching practices. Although international findings reveal that ICT should be used in nursing education, some faculty members experience difficulty integrating it. Method: A mixed methodological research approach was used to investigate the attitudes of nursing teaching staff toward the use of ICT in nursing education. Results: Our findings revealed three categories of faculty with differing attitudes to the use of ICT in teaching and learning: pioneers, faculty members who have developed positive attitudes toward ICT usage; followers, faculty members with neutral attitudes; and resisters, faculty members with negative attitudes. Conclusions: Identification of the nursing faculty members’ attitude toward ICT and the challenges faced by them contributes to the integration of ICT into nursing curricula and further development of educational practices.
full text via link met HU account. Met de introductie van de opleiding HBO-Rechten is begin 21ste eeuw beoogd een waaier van juridische beroepen te creëren. Dit artikel beschrijft in hoeverre dat op dit moment is gelukt. Hiertoe is onderzoek (vragenlijst en casestudy) uitgevoerd naar de functievorming voor en werkervaring en ambitie van de afgestudeerde HBO-jurist. We keken hierbij ook specifiek naar de functies en beroepen die traditioneel door academisch gevormde juristen worden vervuld. Vanuit beroepsvormingstheorieën van onder meer Mok en de onderzoeksresultaten wordt de vraag beantwoord of zich een eigenstandige functie HBO-jurist ontwikkelt (als voorloper van een eigen beroep), zoals oorspronkelijk de bedoeling was. Dat levert verrassende inzichten op. Anders dan beoogd blijkt de HBO-jurist zich met name te meten aan de academisch gevormde jurist. Dat wordt enerzijds zichtbaar doordat zij er massaal voor kiezen om door te studeren aan de universiteit. Anderzijds blijkt dat uit het feit dat de eerste crossovers zich aandienen in het bedrijfsleven, waar HBO-juristen niet meer geweerd lijken te kunnen worden uit voorheen aan academische juristen (niet-toga) voorbehouden functies. Een volwaardige HBO-juristfunctie of -beroep zien wij derhalve op korte termijn niet ontstaan.
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Transboundary conservation has an important, yet often undervalued, role in the international conservation regime. When applied to the legally ambiguous and interconnected marine environment this is magnified. The lack of clear guidance for transboundary marine conservation from the international conservation community exacerbates this problem, leaving individual initiatives to develop their own governance arrangements. Yet, well-managed transboundary marine protected areas (MPAs) have the potential to contribute significantly to global conservation aims. Conversely, in a period where there is increasing interest in marine resources and space from all sectors, the designation of MPAs can create or amplify a regional conflict. In some instances, states have used MPAs to extend rights over disputed marine resources, restrict the freedom of others and establish sovereignty over maritime space. Six case studies were taken from Europe, North Africa and the Middle East to illustrate how states have interpreted and utilized different legislative mechanisms to either come together or diverge over the governance of marine resources or maritime space. Each of the case studies illustrates how different actors have used the same legislative tools, but with different interpretations and applications, to justify their claims. It is clear that the role of science combined with a deeper engagement with stakeholders can play a critical role in tempering conflict between states. Where states are willing to cooperate, the absence of clear guidelines at the global level means that often ad hoc measures are put into place, with the international frameworks then playing catch up. Balancing different jurisdictional claims with the conservation of the marine environment, whilst considering the increasing special economic interests will become increasingly difficult. Developing a transboundary conservation tool, such as the simple conservation caveats found in the Barcelona Convention and Antarctic Convention, which allow for the establishment of intergovernmental cooperation without prejudicing any outstanding jurisdictional issue, would provide a framework for the development of individual transboundary MPAs.
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