Woningcorporaties staan aan de voet van een belangrijke fase in de verduurzaming van de woningvoorraad. Er moeten ingrijpende maatregelen doorgevoerd om de woningvoorraad CO2-neutraal te maken. Maar welke beleidskeuzes en -instrumenten zijn ervoor nodig om deze transitie te versoepelen? Dat onderzocht het Lectoraat Energy in Transition van de Haagse Hogeschool in het onderzoek ‘gezamenlijk naar een CO2-neutrale woningvoorraad’.
The aim of this research is to assess the potential impact of the CO2 Performance Ladder on CO2 emission reduction. The CO2 Performance Ladder is a new green procurement scheme that has been adopted by several public authorities in the Netherlands; it is a staged certification scheme for energy and CO2 management. The achieved certification level gives companies a certain competitive advantage in contract awarding procedures. While the scheme has been widely adopted by companies in the construction industry, other types of companies in the supply chain of the commissioning parties also participate. Currently, more than 190 companies participate in the scheme. The aggregate CO2 emissions covered by the scheme are around 1.7 Mtonnes, which corresponds to almost 1 % of national greenhouse gas emissions in the Netherlands. Since the introduction of the scheme the total CO2 emissions have decreased substantially. Nevertheless, these emission reductions should be interpreted with caution since emission reductions are dominated by a few companies and are affected to a large extent by economic activity. Companies participating in the scheme have set different types of CO2 emission reduction targets with varying ambition levels. The projected impact of these targets on CO2 emissions is in the range of a 0.5 %-1.3 % absolute emission reduction per year, with a most likely value of 1.1 %. The CO2 Performance Ladder can therefore make a substantial contribution to achieving the CO2 emission reductions for non-ETS sectors in the Netherlands up to 2020.
The main goal of this study is to identify knowledge gaps and uncertainties in Quantitative Risk Assessments (QRA) for CO2 pipelines and to assess to what extent those gaps and uncertainties affect the final outcome of the QRA. The impact of methodological choices and uncertain values for input parameters on the results of QRA’s have been assessed through an extensive literature review and by using commercially available release, dispersion and effect models. It is made apparent that over the full life cycle of a QRA knowledge gaps and uncertainties are present that may have large scale impact on the accuracy of assessing risks of CO2 pipelines. These encompass the invalidated release and dispersion models, the currently used failure rates, choosing the type of release to be modeled and the dose-effect relationships assumed. Also recommendations are presented for the improvement of QRA’s for CO2 pipelines.
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Client: Foundation Innovation Alliance (SIA - Stichting Innovatie Alliantie) with funding from the ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW) Funder: RAAK (Regional Attention and Action for Knowledge circulation) The RAAK scheme is managed by the Foundation Innovation Alliance (SIA - Stichting Innovatie Alliantie) with funding from the ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). Early 2013 the Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport started work on the RAAK-MKB project ‘Carbon management for tour operators’ (CARMATOP). Besides NHTV, eleven Dutch SME tour operators, ANVR, HZ University of Applied Sciences, Climate Neutral Group and ECEAT initially joined this 2-year project. The consortium was later extended with IT-partner iBuildings and five more tour operators. The project goal of CARMATOP was to develop and test new knowledge about the measurement of tour package carbon footprints and translate this into a simple application which allows tour operators to integrate carbon management into their daily operations. By doing this Dutch tour operators are international frontrunners.Why address the carbon footprint of tour packages?Global tourism contribution to man-made CO2 emissions is around 5%, and all scenarios point towards rapid growth of tourism emissions, whereas a reverse development is required in order to prevent climate change exceeding ‘acceptable’ boundaries. Tour packages have a high long-haul and aviation content, and the increase of this type of travel is a major factor in tourism emission growth. Dutch tour operators recognise their responsibility, and feel the need to engage in carbon management.What is Carbon management?Carbon management is the strategic management of emissions in one’s business. This is becoming more important for businesses, also in tourism, because of several economical, societal and political developments. For tour operators some of the most important factors asking for action are increasing energy costs, international aviation policy, pressure from society to become greener, increasing demand for green trips, and the wish to obtain a green image and become a frontrunner among consumers and colleagues in doing so.NetworkProject management was in the hands of the Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Transport (CSTT) of NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences. CSTT has 10 years’ experience in measuring tourism emissions and developing strategies to mitigate emissions, and enjoys an international reputation in this field. The ICT Associate Professorship of HZ University of Applied Sciences has longstanding expertise in linking varying databases of different organisations. Its key role in CARMATOP was to create the semantic wiki for the carbon calculator, which links touroperator input with all necessary databases on carbon emissions. Web developer ibuildings created the Graphical User Interface; the front end of the semantic wiki. ANVR, the Dutch Association of Travel Agents and Tour operators, represents 180 tour operators and 1500 retail agencies in the Netherlands, and requires all its members to meet a minimum of sustainable practices through a number of criteria. ANVR’s role was in dissemination, networking and ensuring CARMATOP products will last. Climate Neutral Group’s experience with sustainable entrepreneurship and knowledge about carbon footprint (mitigation), and ECEAT’s broad sustainable tourism network, provided further essential inputs for CARMATOP. Finally, most of the eleven tour operators are sustainable tourism frontrunners in the Netherlands, and are the driving forces behind this project.
Wereldwijd groeit de consumptie van grondstoffen, zowel om te voorzien in onze energiebehoefte als in onze materiaalbehoefte. De gebouwde omgeving speelt hier een significante rol in, goed voor 40% van de energieconsumptie en 50% van de materiaalconsumptie. Deze vraag aan grondstoffen leidt tot schaarste, uitputting, en negatieve milieueffecten, zoals klimaatverandering. Om de consumptie van grondstoffen en gerelateerde negatieve effecten te verminderen heeft Nederland de doelstelling geformuleerd om tot 2050 de gebouwde omgeving geheel CO₂ neutraal te maken en de economie 100% circulair te maken. In een CO2 neutrale en circulair gebouwde omgeving is de gehele energiebehoefte gebaseerd op hernieuwbare energie, en worden alle materialen oneindig hergebruikt of zijn ze onderdeel van een biologisch proces. Dit impliceert dat bouwprocessen anders doorlopen moeten worden, er andere bouwproducten en -componenten beschikbaar moeten komen en er andere competenties gevraagd worden van onze aankomende bouwprofessionals. In de stadsregio Parkstad Limburg speelt een derde opgave; door krimp en vergrijzing moeten er 10.000 woningen en 100.000 m2 utiliteit/retail uit de markt onttrokken worden. De samenkomst van deze drie opgaves resulteert dan ook in de uitdaging hoe we de bestaande gebouwvoorraad CO2 en circulair kunnen verduurzamen met ten eerste regionaal vrijkomende materialen en ten tweede door het inzetten van zo lokaal mogelijke biobased materialen. In de faculteit BETA Sciences and Technology werken we in 2 lectoraten en 5 programmalijnen aan deze opgaves door alle schaalniveaus van de bouwproces. De doelstelling van het postdoconderzoek van Michiel Ritzen richt zich op het opzetten van een programmalijn circular building technology om hieraan mede bij te dragen. De programmalijn geeft invulling aan de kennisontwikkeling en disseminatie op een ontbrekend onderdeel in een real life lab omgeving, met het ontwikkelen en valideren van innovaties die nodig zijn om vrijkomende bouwmaterialen hoogwaardig her te gebruiken en/of te recyclen in CO2 neutrale en circulaire gebouwrenovaties.
The energy transition is a highly complex technical and societal challenge, coping with e.g. existing ownership situations, intrusive retrofit measures, slow decision-making processes and uneven value distribution. Large scale retrofitting activities insulating multiple buildings at once is urgently needed to reach the climate targets but the decision-making of retrofitting in buildings with shared ownership is challenging. Each owner is accountable for his own energy bill (and footprint), giving a limited action scope. This has led to a fragmented response to the energy retrofitting challenge with negligible levels of building energy efficiency improvements conducted by multiple actors. Aggregating the energy design process on a building level would allow more systemic decisions to happen and offer the access to alternative types of funding for owners. “Collect Your Retrofits” intends to design a generic and collective retrofit approach in the challenging context of monumental areas. As there are no standardised approaches to conduct historical building energy retrofits, solutions are tailor-made, making the process expensive and unattractive for owners. The project will develop this approach under real conditions of two communities: a self-organised “woongroep” and a “VvE” in the historic centre of Amsterdam. Retrofit designs will be identified based on energy performance, carbon emissions, comfort and costs so that a prioritisation strategy can be drawn. Instead of each owner investing into their own energy retrofitting, the neighbourhood will invest into the most impactful measures and ensure that the generated economic value is retained locally in order to make further sustainable investments and thus accelerating the transition of the area to a CO2-neutral environment.
